Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment: Two Feminists Explore the Concept

  • Feminist Forum
  • Published:
Sex Roles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although all feminists tend to value empowered female sexuality, feminists often disagree, sometimes heatedly so, about the definition of and path to empowered sexuality among adolescent girls. In this theoretical paper, two feminists, who have previously expressed differing perspectives regarding adolescent girls’ sexual empowerment (Lamb 2010a, b; Peterson 2010), discuss their disagreements and attempt to find some common ground in their viewpoints on girls’ sexuality. A critical question related to sexual empowerment is whether empowerment includes a subjective sense of efficacy, desire, and pleasure. In other words, are girls sexually empowered if they feel that they are empowered? The authors identify three themes that make answering this question particularly challenging—age differences, exposure to sexualized media, and the pressure to please a partner. Despite these challenges, the authors identify several points of consensus, including agreeing that adequate sexuality education and media literacy education are vital to optimizing adolescent girls’ sexual empowerment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychological Association, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. (2007). Report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/wpo/sexualization.html.

  • Barton, B. (2002). Dancing on the Möbius Strip: Challenging the sex war paradigm. Gender & Society, 16, 585–602. doi:10.1177/089124302236987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgardner, J., & Richards, A. (2003). The number one question about feminism. Feminist Studies, 29, 448–452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1993). Gender is burning: Questions of appropriation and subversion. In S. Thornham (Ed.), Feminist film theory, a reader (pp. 336–352). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, A., Martinez, G. M., Mosher, W. D., Abma, J. C., & Jones, J. (2005). Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, Number 25. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_025.pdf.

  • Cornell, D. (Ed.). (2000). Feminism & pornography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, M. (2006). Transformations: Women, gender, & psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debold, E., Wilson, M., & Malave, I. (1993). Mother daughter revolution: From good girls to great women. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duits, L., & van Zoonen, L. (2007). Who’s afraid of female agency?: A rejoinder to Gill. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14, 161–170. doi:10.1177/1350506807075820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, M. G. (2008). The Lolita effect: The media sexualization of girls and 5 keys to fixing it. New York: Overlook Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgar, T., & Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1993). Expectations for sexual interaction: A cognitive test of the sequencing of sexual communication behaviors. Health Communication, 5, 239–261. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc0504_1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edut, O. (2003). Body outlaws: Rewriting the rules of beauty and body image. Berkeley: Seal Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2009). The missing discourse of development: Commentary on Lerum and Dworkin. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 264–167. doi:10.1080/00224490903079559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. (1988). Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire. Harvard Education Review, 58, 29–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. (2005). X. Desire: The morning (and 15 years) after. Feminism & Psychology, 15, 54–50. doi:10.1177/0959-353505049708.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M., & McClelland, S. (2006). Sexuality education and desire: Still missing after all these years. Harvard Educational Review, 76, 297–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • FoxNews. (2009). Miley Cyrus gets raunchy with a pole at the Teen Choice Awards, wins six trophies. Fox News. Retrieved from http://www.foxnews.com.

  • Friedrich, W. (2007). Children with sexual behavior problems: Family-based attachment focused therapy. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon, J., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, R. (2007). Critical respect: dilemmas of choice and agency in feminism (A response to Duits and Van Zoonen). European Journal of Women’s Studies, 14, 69–80. doi:10.1177/1350506807072318.

  • Gill, R. (2008). Empowerment/sexism: Figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising. Feminism & Psychology, 18, 35–60. doi:10.1177/0959353507084950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giordano, P., Longmore, M., & Manning, W. (2006). Gender and the meanings of romantic relationships: A focus on boys. American Sociological Review, 71, 260–287. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30038988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girls, Inc. (2006). The supergirl dilemma: Girls feel the pressure to be perfect, accomplished, thin, and accommodating. New York: Author.

  • Goldman, R., Heath, D., & Smith, S. L. (1991). Commodity feminism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8, 333–351. doi:10.1080/15295039109366801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • hooks, b. (1991, June). Is Paris Burning? Z, 61.

  • Horne, S., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2005). Female sexual subjectivity and well-being: Comparing late adolescents with different sexual experiences. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 2, 25–40. doi:10.1525/srsp.2005.2.3.25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2003). Sexual compliance: Gender, motivational, and relationship perspectives. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 87–100. doi:10.1080/00224490309552169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Impett, E. A., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2005). Approach and avoidance sexual motivation: Implications for personal and interpersonal well-being. Personal Relationships, 12, 465–482. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2005.00126.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaestle, C. E., Halpern, C. T., Miller, W. C., & Ford, C. A. (2005). Young age at first sexual intercourse and sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161, 774–780. doi:10.1093/aje/kwi095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, D. (2007). Emerging answers 2007: Research finding on programs to reduce teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Washington: National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Guardia, J. G., & Ryan, R. M. (2002). What adolescents need: A self-determination theory perspective on development within families, school and society. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.), Academic motivation of adolescents (pp. 193–220). Greenwich: IAP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2002). The secret lives of girls: What good girls really do – sex play, aggression, and their guilt. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2006). Sex, therapy, and kids: Addressing their concerns through talk and play. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2010a). Feminist ideals of healthy female adolescent sexuality: A critique. Sex Roles, 62, 294–306. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9698-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2010b). Porn as a pathway to empowerment? A response to Peterson’s Commentary. Sex Roles, 62, 314–317. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9756-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, S. (2010c). Toward a sexual ethics curriculum: Bringing philosophy and society to bear on individual development. Harvard Educational Review, 80, 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerum, K., & Dworkin, S. (2009). An interdisciplinary commentary on the report of the APA task force on the sexualization of girls. Journal of Sex Research, 46, 250–263. doi:10.1080/00224490903079542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, D., & Kilbourne, J. (2008). So sexy so soon: The new sexualized childhood and what parents can do to protect their kids. New York: Ballantine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, A. (2005). Female chauvinist pigs: Women and the rise of raunch culture. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luker, K. (2006). When sex goes to school: Warring views on sex—and sex education—since the sixties. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mast, C. (2001). Sex respect: The option of true sexual freedom. Bradley: Respect Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, L. (1978). Saturday night live [Television series]. New York: NBC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrissey, T. E. (2010). Anti-gaga PSA warns parents about dangerous pop culture icons. Retrieved from http://jezebel.com/#!5627458/anti+gaga-psa-warns-parents-about-the-dangers-of-pop-culture.

  • Muehlenhard, C. L., & Peterson, Z. D. (2005). Wanting and not wanting sex: The missing discourse of ambivalence. Feminism and Psychology, 15, 15–20. doi:10.1177/0959353505049698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Health (1999). Questions and answers about the NIH policy and guidelines on the inclusion of children as participants in research Involving Human Subjects. Retrieved from http://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/children/pol_children_qa.htm#q04name

  • O’Sullivan, L. F., & Gaines, M. E. (1998). Decision-making in college students’ heterosexual dating relationships: Ambivalence about engaging in sexual activity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 347–363. doi:10.1177/0265407598153003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obama, B. (2009). Inaugural address. In J. T. Woolley & G. Peters, The American presidency project. Retrieved from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44.

  • O'Donnell, L., O'Donnell, C. R., & Stueve, A. (2001). Early sexual initiation and subsequent sex-related risks among urban minority youth: The Reach for Health study. Family Planning Perspectives, 33, 268–275. doi:10.1363/3326801.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oswalt, S. B., Cameron, K. A., & Koob, J. J. (2005). Sexual regret in college students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 663–669. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-7920-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, Z. D. (2010). What is sexual empowerment? A multidimensional and process-oriented approach to adolescent girls’ sexual empowerment. Sex Roles, 62, 307–313. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9725-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, Z. D., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (2007). Conceptualizing the “wantedness” of women's consensual and nonconsensual sexual experiences: Implications for how women label their experiences with rape. Journal of Sex Research, 44, 72–88. doi:10.1080/00224490709336794.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riger, S. (1993). What’s wrong with empowerment? American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 279–292. doi:10.1007/BF00941504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strossen, N. (1993). A feminist critique of “the” feminist critique of pornography. Virginia Law Review, 79, 1099–1190. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1073402.

  • Tiefer, L. (1995). Sex is not a natural act and other essays. Boulder: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L. (2002). Dilemmas of desire: Teenage girls talk about sexuality. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D., & Debold, E. (1994). Doing desire: Adolescent girls’ struggles for/with sexuality. Gender & Society, 8, 324–342. doi:10.1177/089124394008003003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L., & Szalacha, L. A. (1999). Dimensions of desire: Bridging qualitative and quantitative methods in a study of female adolescent sexuality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23, 7–39. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00338.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L., Spencer, R., Rosen-Reynoso, M., & Porche, M. V. (2003). Sowing the seeds of violence in heterosexual relationships: Early adolescents narrate compulsory heterosexuality. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 159–178. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.t01-1-00010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welles, C. E. (2005). Breaking the silence surrounding female adolescent sexual desire. Women & Therapy, 81, 31–45. doi:10.1300/J015v28n02_03.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23, 581–599. doi:10.1007/BF02506983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The order of authorship is alphabetical. The authors contributed equally to this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sharon Lamb or Zoë D. Peterson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lamb, S., Peterson, Z.D. Adolescent Girls’ Sexual Empowerment: Two Feminists Explore the Concept. Sex Roles 66, 703–712 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9995-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-9995-3

Keywords

Navigation